Introduction — In adults, the overall kidney stone prevalence has increased from 2.6% in the late 1960s to 8.8% in 2012 [1]. This trend was similarly seen in pediatric patients, as the incidence of kidney stone disease (hereafter, KSD) doubled from 6.9% between 1984- 1990 to 14.9% between 2003–2008 [2]. Numerous studies…

Introduction — The COVID-19 pandemic has changed not only our daily lives, but the very practice of medicine as we once knew it. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Since then, our lives have changed in ways we could have never imagined. COVID-19 has become…

Introduction — Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases around the world [1]. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a progressive form of NAFLD, promotes the development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Multiple studies have demonstrated that stage of fibrosis is positively associated with all-cause and liver-related mortality [2,3]…

Introduction — In 2034, for the first time in US history, the number of older Americans over 65 years old will exceed the number of children under 18 years old [1]. One of the health challenges in an aging nation, could be the issues of bones and joints. According to the American…

Introduction — Congenital heart defects (CHDs), the most severe congenital anomalies associated with “Birth Defect” in infants and their prevalence of 4 to 50 per 1000 live births and is associated with high morbidity and mortality [1]. CHD shows multiple gene(s) involvement during organogenesis including the environmental factors [2–4]. Interestingly, approximately 30%…

Introduction — Cancer falls into the category of dreaded diseases. What is observed in a patients’ body is uncontrolled growth as well as spreading of abnormal forms of own living cells. In the same note, cancer cells can be distinguished from the normal by unique characteristics such as proliferation in an uncontrolled…

Introduction — Historically, the term literacy was associated with learning, reading and writing. In the past, an individual who could read and write at an adequate level for their age was considered literate [1]. More recently, literacy is depicted as a learning process throughout life that occurs within and outside formal education…

Introduction — Major surgeries may cause several metabolic derangements in patients’ bodies known as metabolic stress. In this situation, The Basal metabolic Rate (BMR) will increase, and the body will go through several hormonal changes including a higher insulin level. Subsequently, these hormonal imbalances will trigger changes in metabolic pathways [1,2]. In…

Introduction — The pandemic of Corona- virus (COVIT 19) has not only shocked the world but also changed it. None of the hit countries were nearly prepared to deal with magnitude of the impact of this plague [1,2]. People responded to the contagion in different ways. Some experienced fear, anxiety and over…